Research guide
How to read a forest plot in a meta-analysis
Published:
Read a meta-analysis forest plot step by step: squares, confidence lines, weights, the diamond, the line of no effect, I² heterogeneity and what the plot cannot show.
Research
Medical research explained and evidence reviews — Page 3
Read plain-language study explanations, evidence reviews and research guides. Learn to interpret methods, uncertainty and clinical trial records.
Read the evidence, then see what it means.
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Research
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Topic
Showing 21–25 of 25 articles
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Research guide
Hazard ratio explained: what HR 0.80 means and what it doesn't
Published:
What a hazard ratio measures, how to read HR 0.80 and its confidence interval in a real trial, why absolute effects differ, and what an HR cannot tell you.
Research guide
P-values explained: what statistical significance actually tells you
Published:
Learn what a p-value means, why p < 0.05 does not prove a finding, and how effect sizes, confidence intervals and multiple testing change the interpretation.
Evidence review
Intermittent fasting vs calorie restriction: which works better for weight loss?
Published:
Compare intermittent fasting with daily calorie restriction using randomized trials and recent reviews, including weight loss, adherence and safety limits.
Evidence review
Creatine for older adults: does it improve muscle strength?
Published:
What trials show about creatine with resistance training in older adults, including strength, lean mass, physical function, bone health and safety.
Evidence review
Do NMN and NR supplements slow aging in humans?
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Review the human evidence for NMN and NR: NAD levels, insulin sensitivity, cognition, walking ability and the gap between biomarkers and longer life.
Research guide
Correlation vs causation in health research
Published:
Learn to spot confounding and reverse causation, understand adjusted results and ask better questions about observational health research.
Research explained
Reprogramming memory cells: a step toward reversing cognitive aging in mice
Published:
A 2026 Neuron study improved memory by partially reprogramming selected mouse neurons. What changed, why it matters, and what remains unproven in humans.
Evidence review
Do collagen supplements actually improve skin and wrinkles?
Published:
Compare the evidence for oral collagen, hydration, elasticity and wrinkles, including study quality, funding, practical benefits and product limitations.
Research explained
Can blocking “jumping genes” slow heart aging?
Published:
A 2026 study targets LINE-1 activity in aging mouse hearts. Understand the experiment, why the result matters and what remains unproven in humans.
Research guide
Confidence intervals: reading the range, not just the threshold
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Use confidence intervals to judge effect size, precision, compatibility with benefit or harm, and the limits of repeated-study interpretation.
Research guide
Absolute and relative risk: two true views of one effect
Published:
Translate relative risk, absolute difference, number needed to treat, baseline risk, time horizon, and competing harms into decisions.
Evidence review
Exercise for depressive symptoms: an evidence map
Published:
What randomized reviews support about exercise for depression, where confidence falls, and how to place activity inside complete care.
Research explained
Exercise for depression: reading a large network meta-analysis
Published:
Interpret the 2024 BMJ network meta-analysis of exercise modalities through effect size, study quality, adherence, and treatment context.
Research explained
SELECT: semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes beyond diabetes
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Interpret SELECT’s cardiovascular result, absolute event difference, discontinuation, funding, eligibility, and unanswered questions.
Research explained
ACHIEVE: hearing treatment and cognitive decline
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Understand why ACHIEVE’s overall neutral result and prespecified higher-risk subgroup result must be held together.
Research explained
DASH: what a controlled feeding study taught about blood pressure
Published:
Understand the DASH trial’s controlled meals, comparison patterns, blood-pressure changes, short duration, and real-world translation.
Research explained
SPRINT: what an intensive blood-pressure target did—and did not—prove
Published:
Interpret SPRINT’s benefits, adverse events, measurement method, selected population, and why its target cannot be copied without context.
Research guide
How to read a health research paper
Published:
A repeatable route through the question, design, participants, comparison, outcomes, missing data, results, limitations, and conflicts.
Evidence review
Sodium reduction and blood pressure: where evidence is strongest
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A practical synthesis of sodium reduction, blood-pressure response, food sources, measurement, and situations requiring individualized advice.
Research explained
STEP 1: interpreting large average weight loss in a treatment trial
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Read the STEP 1 semaglutide trial through average change, response variation, adverse effects, treatment duration, and generalizability.
Research explained
PREDIMED: a diet trial, a correction, and a more careful conclusion
Published:
Read the Mediterranean-diet trial alongside its randomization problems, reanalysis, event numbers, and limits on generalization.
Research guide
How to read a clinical trial record
Published:
Use registration, assignment, masking, comparators, outcomes, analysis, adverse events, and participant flow to understand a trial.
Evidence review
Omega-3 supplements for cardiovascular prevention
Published:
Separate eating fish, ordinary fish-oil supplements, and prescription omega-3 products when assessing cardiovascular evidence and risk.
Research explained
The Diabetes Prevention Program: what lifestyle and metformin changed
Published:
A public reading of the landmark trial comparing intensive lifestyle support, metformin, and placebo in people at high diabetes risk.
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