Research guide
How to read a forest plot in a meta-analysis
Published:
Read a meta-analysis forest plot step by step: squares, confidence lines, weights, the diamond, the line of no effect, I² heterogeneity and what the plot cannot show.
Research / Research guides
How to read medical research and health claims
Learn to read study designs, risk estimates, confidence intervals and evidence quality before applying research findings to everyday decisions.
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Research guides
Showing 1–8 of 8 articles
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Research guide
Hazard ratio explained: what HR 0.80 means and what it doesn't
Published:
What a hazard ratio measures, how to read HR 0.80 and its confidence interval in a real trial, why absolute effects differ, and what an HR cannot tell you.
Research guide
P-values explained: what statistical significance actually tells you
Published:
Learn what a p-value means, why p < 0.05 does not prove a finding, and how effect sizes, confidence intervals and multiple testing change the interpretation.
Research guide
Correlation vs causation in health research
Published:
Learn to spot confounding and reverse causation, understand adjusted results and ask better questions about observational health research.
Research guide
Confidence intervals: reading the range, not just the threshold
Published:
Use confidence intervals to judge effect size, precision, compatibility with benefit or harm, and the limits of repeated-study interpretation.
Research guide
Absolute and relative risk: two true views of one effect
Published:
Translate relative risk, absolute difference, number needed to treat, baseline risk, time horizon, and competing harms into decisions.
Research guide
How to read a health research paper
Published:
A repeatable route through the question, design, participants, comparison, outcomes, missing data, results, limitations, and conflicts.
Research guide
How to read a clinical trial record
Published:
Use registration, assignment, masking, comparators, outcomes, analysis, adverse events, and participant flow to understand a trial.
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